All I can say is wow. On a dime, the real estate market changed overnight. I was predicting mortgage rates around 6% over the course of the year. The change happened in one day with rates easily cresting 6.3%! What does this big surge in interest rates mean to real estate? What price points will be impacted the most? What are companies like Redfin and Compass doing because of higher rates?
How are mortgage rates “set”?
First, it is important to note that the federal reserve does not directly control mortgage rates. The fed controls the “federal funds rate”. The federal funds rate is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend reserve balances to other banks and credit unions overnight. In a nutshell this is the rate banks get on the money they are holding in cash/reserves. Here is a more detailed explanation from Wikipedia .
So how are mortgage rates set? Unfortunately, mortgage rates are not “set”. There is no government or private party that can set rates per se. Mortgage rates are typically based on the 10-year treasury yield. So how does this work?
Before discussing rates, it is important to understand how bond yields work. The most important piece of this equation is the relationship between a bond price and its return. For treasuries, it is critical to note that a bond price and its yield move in inverse. What this means is that a higher bond price results in a lower yield and vice versa where a higher yield results in a lower bond price. For simplification purposes, I will not get into the full details of why bonds function the way that they do. Rest assured that it works this way and will always work this way.
With this key piece of information, we can now understand why mortgages do not move in direct correlation with the federal funds rate and they are “pegged” off the 10 year treasury. This week, bonds have plunged taking the 10 year treasury to new highs and in turn interest rates above 6%.
Why are rates rising now?
Long and short, the “market” is not believing that the federal reserve can effectively control inflation without substantially higher rates and there is further worry about how entrenched inflation has become.
- Federal reserve must act more aggressively today: The federal reserve and current administration kept pitching the idea of inflation as transitory primarily due to supply chain shocks. Unfortunately this narrative could not be further from reality. Inflation is broad based with rising wages and rent growth continuing substantially higher with no end in sight. As a result the fed much act much more aggressively on their rate hikes to “reset” market expectations.
- Inflation is much more entrenched than anticipated: With inflation becoming more entrenched through rent and wages the federal reserve will have to not only hike rates higher in the short term but likely keep them higher for longer to squash inflation. The market had substantially underpriced the inflation risk
Where will mortgage rates go from here
Up! Mortgage demand has fallen to its lowest level in over two decades. Rates have taken off since the start of this year, rising from 3.29% in early January to 6.28% now, according to Mortgage News Daily. Rates shot up more than half a percentage point in just the past three days, as concerns over inflation hit the bond market. At the beginning of the year, I was talking about rates cresting around 6%, that number will likely be closer to 7% by the end of the year and stay there for a while. Companies are following suit and taking action with redfin and compass announcing large layoffs:
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“Due to the clear signals of slowing economic growth we’ve taken a number of measures to safeguard our business and reduce costs, including pausing expansion efforts and the difficult decision to reduce the size of our employee team by approximately 10%,” a Compass spokesperson said.
The Redfin filing had an attachment from CEO Glenn Kelman, who writes a regular blog on the company’s website. In the blog posted Tuesday, Kelman wrote, “With May demand 17% below expectations, we don’t have enough work for our agents and support staff, and fewer sales leaves us with less money for headquarters projects.”
What real estate price points will get hit the hardest
I’m going to break the housing market into three tiers: standard houses, luxury houses, and ultra luxury. The definition of each will depend on the particular market. For example, in Denver, under 850k is considered standard, 850-1.5 or 2m is luxury, and above 2m is ultra luxury. It is important to look at each sector to see what is happening in the market because they are reacting differently.
Luxury market
The luxury-housing market, which experienced a meteoric surge last year, is coming back down to earth amid a slumping stock market, rising mortgage rates and economic uncertainty.
Sales of luxury U.S. homes fell 17.8% year over year during the three months ending April 30, the largest drop since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic sent shockwaves through the housing market. There are only two instances in the past decade when there were steeper declines: the three months ending June 30, 2020 (-23.6%) and the three months ending May 31, 2020 (-21.6%).
The pool of people qualified to purchase luxury properties is shrinking because the stock market is falling and mortgage rates are rising,” said Elena Fleck, a Redfin real estate agent in West Palm Beach, FL. “The good news for buyers is the market is becoming more balanced and competition is easing up. Of course, that doesn’t help the scores of Americans who have been priced out altogether.”
Ultra Luxury
The interesting part of rates rising is the “ultra luxury” market is still performing well. In various ski towns throughout Colorado properties priced above 3 million are still flying off the shelf going under contract very quickly. I think the current driver is the purchases are a hedge against inflation and buyers have no other “safe haven” where to park their money. I don’t think this trend will last indefinitely and even the ultra luxury market will slow by year end but I don’t see a cliff drop as many ultra luxury homes (especially in ski towns of Colorado) are bought in cash and furthermore there is limited ability to build more in high demand locations. Ultra luxury homes in more rural areas or not in typical luxury markets will be considerably riskier.
Standard houses
There continues to be demand at the lower price points both from investors looking for rentals along with people that need a more “affordable” house and have been priced out of the luxury category due to the huge surge in prices along with increasing interest rates. Furthermore there is considerable wall street money and smaller investors ready to buy into the market when there are some declines. Currently the lower price points are the safest bets in the market as buyers are forced to trade down to own a home and investors clamor for properties with higher returns.
Summary
I wrote a few weeks ago how Canada’s real estate turned on a dime dropping 6%. I got a quite a bit of feedback that this will never happen in our market. Unfortunately with the recent surge in rates, there will be a reset coming and it is already beginning in the luxury market. The reset will then continue down the price points until it hits “affordable” prices in the respective market. This trend has been drastically accelerated with the jump in mortgage rates above 6.25%.
Assuming you locked in at the bottom of 2.75% on a million dollar loan, your payment would be 4082, this would jump over 50% to 6,157 based on todays rates. Salaries can’t come even close to keeping pace with the increase in payments.
We are already seeing the impacts of the higher rates, with mortgage demand dropping 50% and real estate sales continuing to slow. Look for this trend to continue throughout the year with the best-case scenario being prices flattening with some softening of prices in the luxury market. Remember any action by the federal reserve takes months to flow through the economy so we likely will not see the full impacts until late this year or early next year when a “reset” in the market occurs. Although I am not predicting a 2008 rerun there will be some pain in the market as prices come off around 20% in some markets with the luxury and higher price points bearing the brunt of the declines.
Additional reading/resources
- https://www.cnn.com/2022/06/12/business/luxury-home-sales-fall-redfin/index.html
- https://www.wsj.com/articles/bond-slide-deepens-with-no-end-in-sight-11655180001
- https://www.mortgagenewsdaily.com/markets/mortgage-rates-06132022
- https://www.redfin.com/news/luxury-home-sales-april-2022/
- https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/14/30-year-mortgage-rate-surges-to-6point28percent-up-from-5point5percent-just-a-week-ago.html
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Written by Glen Weinberg, COO/ VP Fairview Commercial Lending. Glen has been published as an expert in hard money lending, real estate valuation, financing, and various other real estate topics in Bloomberg, Businessweek ,the Colorado Real Estate Journal, National Association of Realtors Magazine, The Real Deal real estate news, the CO Biz Magazine, The Denver Post, The Scotsman mortgage broker guide, Mortgage Professional America and various other national publications.
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